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Leptospirosis: a Global Health Burden in Review

Stephen Dunay, John Bass and Justine Stremick

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by fresh water and mammalian vectors in predominantly tropical regions, with an incidence of 0.1-10 per 100,000 in temperate climates, 10 or more per 100,000 in tropical climates, and up to 100 or more per 100,000 during outbreaks. Its rate of transmission spikes in areas affected by natural disasters such as floods and heavy rainfall and, because it often presents with non-specific symptoms, it can be difficult to diagnose. The case fatality rate in severe leptospirosis from <5 - 30% makes it a pathogen of clinical importance. This review aims to summarize the most recent literature on the subject and provide recommendations to providers who may encounter afflicted patients.