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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Risk factors and complications

Olfat M Hendy

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Risk factors and complications. Journal of Tumor Research.Vol.6 No.1: 1. Background & Definition: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results from an acquired (not present at birth mutation (change)) to the DNA of a single marrow cell that develops into a lymphocyte. Scientists do not yet understand what causes this change. Once the marrow cell undergoes the leukemic change, it multiplies into many cells. CLL cells grow and survive better than normal cells; over time, they crowd out normal cells. The result is the uncontrolled growth of CLL cells in the marrow, leading to an increase in the number of CLL cells in the blood. The leukemic cells that accumulate in the marrow in people with CLL do not prevent normal blood cell production as extensively as is the case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Risk Factors: First-degree relatives of patients with CLL are three to four times more likely to develop CLL than people who do not have first-degree relatives with the disease. Old age is second risk factor of CLL development. Sign and symptoms: Early, some people with CLL do not have any symptoms. The disease may be suspected because of abnormal results from blood tests that were ordered either as part of an annual physical or a medical examination for an unrelated condition. An unexplained elevated white blood cell (lymphocyte) count is the most common finding that leads a doctor to consider a CLL diagnosis. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of CLL is usually evident from the results of blood cell counts and an examination of blood cells. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy generally are not needed to make a diagnosis of CLL provided the red blood cells and platelets are normal. “Immunopheno typing” (or flow cytometry) of lymphocytes is an important process used to diagnose CLL, and other types of leukemia and lymphoma, by comparing the cancer cells to normal immune cells. Staging for CLL helps doctors to both assess how the disease is expected to progress over time and also to develop a treatment plan. Complications: CLL or CLL Treatment: Infections are a common complication for people with CLL. Anemia (low numbers of red blood cells) is a common side effect of chemotherapy. In about 3 to 5 percent of people with CLL, the disease transforms into an aggressive lymphoma (Richter Transformation) because of a change in the characteristics of the CLL cells. About 15 percent of people with CLL develop prolymphocytic leukemia. Some people with CLL produce a type of antibody that works against their own cells (Autoimmune HemolyticAnemia). People with CLL have a higher risk than the general population of developing a second cancer. Conclusion: People with CLL need regular medical follow- up after they have completed treatment. It is important to assess the full effect of therapy as well as to identify any return of progressive disease that may require additional therapy.Ceaseless lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most well-known leukemia in grown-ups. It’s a kind of disease that begins in cells that become certain white platelets (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow. The malignancy (leukemia) cells start in the bone marrow yet then go into the blood. In interminable leukemia, the cells can develop halfway (and more resemble ordinary white platelets). be that as it may, not totally. These cells may look genuinely typical, however they’re definitely not. They by and large don’t battle contamination just as expected white platelets do. The leukemia cells endure longer than ordinary cells, and develop, jamming out typical cells in the bone marrow. It can require some investment before incessant leukemiascause issues, and a great many people can live with them for a long time. However, interminable leukemias will in general be harder to fix than intense leukemias. The regular type of CLL begins in B lymphocytes. However, there are some uncommon sorts of leukemia that share a few highlights with CLL. Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL): In this sort of leukemia the disease cells are a great deal like ordinary cells called prolymphocytes. These are juvenile types of B lymphocytes (B-PLL) or T lymphocytes (T-PLL). Both B-PLL and T-PLL will in general develop and spread quicker than the standard kind of CLL. A great many people with it will react to some type of treatment, however after some time they will in general backslide (the disease returns). PLL may create in somebody who as of now has CLL (in which case it will in general be more forceful), yet it can likewise happen in individuals who have never had CLL. Enormous granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia: This is another uncommon type of constant leukemia. The disease cells are enormous and have highlights of either T lymphocytes or another sort of lymphocyte called characteristic executioner (NK) cells. Most LGL leukemias are moderate developing, yet a modest number are more forceful (they develop and spread rapidly). Medications that smother the resistant framework may help, however the forceful sorts are extremely difficult to treat. Furry cell leukemia (HCL): This is uncommon malignant growth of the lymphocytes that will in general advancement gradually. The malignancy cells are a kind of B lymphocyte however they’re not quite the same as those seen in CLL. There are likewise significant contrasts in side effects and treatment. This sort of leukemia gets its name from the manner in which the cells look under the magnifying instrument - they have fine projections on their surface that make them look “bristly.”