Достижения в области медицинской этики
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Hospice: The right to choose

Michaela Bercovitch

Since ancient times, the obligation of the physician was to relieve suffering. Despite this fact, little attention was given to the problem of suffering and dying in medical education, research or practice. In the 21st century life expectancy is increasing, more people live with serious effects of chronic illnesses and they must deal with many complex issues, relief of symptoms, effect of the illness on roles and relationships, restoring or maintaining quality of life. Each of these issues creates expectations, needs, hopes and fears, which must be addressed in order for the ill person to adapt and continue living and presents a set of public health challenges requiring the attention of policy makers. Traditionally end of life care in the form of palliative care has been offered mostly to cancer patients. For some years this kind of care has been offered for a wider range of serious illnesses and was integrated more broadly across care services. Hospice was created as a coordinated program providing palliative care to terminally ill patients and supportive services to patients, families, 24 hours a day seven day a week. Services are comprehensive, case managed based on physical, social, spiritual and emotional needs during the dying process by medically directed interdisciplinary team consisting of patients, families, health care professionals and volunteers (WHO). Hospice treatment is the most personalized way to care, by recognizing a patient not only like a body part, but as a unique being, with soul and psyche. Each patient means a new book to be read and understood by the team. Accordingly, hospice care is flexible and aggressive palliative interventions have to answer some questions: What is the goal of intervention? Does the intervention have a chance of high efficacy? What is the impact on the patient (side effects, complications, discomfort)? What is the life expectancy? And what does the patient want? Hospice program is limited for those patients diagnosed with terminal illness with a limited life spam and it is not a must in health care system. Hospice is a choice and any individual have the right, in conformity with the law, to decide how to be treated when facing a terminal illness. Those patients refusing to accept the imminence of death and want to continue to fight they are not eligible for hospice. Those prefer to concentrate on living as comfortably as they can until their last day prefer the hospice care.