Журнал исследований опухолей
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ISSN: 2684-1258
ISSN: 2684-1258
Roza Nurieva
T-cell tolerance is a major obstacle to successful cancer immunotherapy; thus, it is of high priority to develop strategies to break immune tolerance. Here we report that expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Grail is significantly up-regulated in CD8+ T cells infiltrated into transplanted lymphoma tumors and Grail-deficiency confers long-term tumor control. Importantly, therapeutic transfer of Grail-deficient CD8+ T cells was sufficient to repress established tumors. Mechanistically, loss of Grail enhanced anti-tumor reactivity and functionality of CD8+ T cells. In addition, Grail deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited increased IL-21R expression and hyper-responsiveness to IL-21 signaling as Grail promotes IL-21R ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, CD8+ T cells isolated from lymphoma patients expressed high levels of Grail and lower levels of IL-21R compared with normal donors. Altogether, our data demonstrates that Grail is a crucial factor controlling CD8+ T cell function and is a potential target to improve CTL activity. A T cell is a sort of lymphocyte, which creates in the thymus organ (consequently the name) and assumes a focal job in the safe reaction. Immune system microorganisms can be recognized from different lymphocytes by the nearness of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. These invulnerable cells begin as antecedent cells, got from bone marrow, and form into a few particular kinds of T cells once they have moved to the thymus organ. Immune system microorganism separation proceeds significantly after they have left the thymus. Gatherings of explicit, separated T cells have a significant job in controlling and forming the insusceptible reaction by giving an assortment of safe related capacities. One of these capacities is insusceptible intervened cell passing, and it is done by T cells in a few different ways: CD8+ T cells, otherwise called “executioner cells”, are cytotoxic – this implies they can straightforwardly murder infection contaminated cells just as malignant growth cells. CD8+ T cells are likewise ready to use little flagging proteins, known as cytokines, to enroll different cells when mounting an invulnerable reaction. An alternate populace of T cells, the CD4+ T cells, work as “assistant cells”. Not at all like CD8+ executioner T cells, these CD4+ assistant T cells work by in a roundabout way slaughtering cells recognized as outside: they decide whether and how different pieces of the safe framework react to a particular, saw danger. Aide T cells additionally use cytokine motioning to impact administrative B cells straightforwardly and other cell populaces by implication. Administrative T cells are one more unmistakable populace of these cells that give the basic system of resilience, whereby safe cells can recognize attacking cells from “self” – consequently keeping insusceptible cells from improperly mounting a reaction against oneself (which would by definition be an “immune system” reaction). Thus these administrative T cells have likewise been designated “silencer” T cells. These equivalent self-open minded cells are co-picked by malignant growth cells to forestall the acknowledgment of, and an invulnerable reaction against, tumor cells. All T cells start from c-kit+Sca1+ haematopoietic undifferentiated organisms (HSC) which live in the bone marrow. Now and again, the root may be the fetal liver during early stage improvement. The HSC at that point separate into multipotent begetters (MPP) which hold the possibility to get both myeloid and lymphoid cells. The procedure of separation at that point continues to a typical lymphoid begetter (CLP), which can just separate into T, B or NK cells. These CLP cells at that point relocate by means of the blood to the thymus, where they engraft. The most punctual cells which showed up in the thymus are named twofold negative, as they express neither the CD4 nor CD8 co-receptor. The recently showed up CLP cells are CD4-CD8-CD44+CD25-ckit+ cells, and are named early thymic begetters (ETP) cells. These cells will at that point experience a series of division and downregulate c-unit and are named DN1 cells.