Материнское и детское питание
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Advances in feeding of preterm neonates

Avneet Kaur

Despite the fact that feeding a preterm neonate is a fundamental and inevitable part of its management, this is a field which is beset with controversies.In order to match the high rates of nutrient deposition achieved by infants in utero, the nutrient needs are inherently high at this stage of development. In addition, they often have medical conditions that increase their metabolic energy requirements, including hypotension, hypoxia, acidosis, infection, and surgery. Though vigrous nutrition improves growth and neurological outcomes, and reduces the incidence of sepsis and possibly even chronic lung disease & retinopathy of prematurity. However, it is also important to avoid rapid advances in feeding, which may result in feeding intolerance or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and to recognize that excess of some nutrients may have toxic effects. There is a great deal of heterogeneity of practice among neonatologists pediatricians regarding feeding VLBW infants. A number of important questions that needs to be answered with respect to feeding VLBW infants were systematically reviewed in the literature, and critically appraised with the level of evidence. The presentation touches upon trophic feeding, nutritional feeding, fortification, role of DHA, feeding in special circumstances, assessment of feed tolerance using abdominal girth or gastric residuals, role glycerin enemas etc. Nourishment in the postnatal period is fundamental to accomplish ideal development and keep up biochemical ordinariness. Taking care of development limited untimely children stays a major test for pediatricians and neonatologists. The decision of milk is probably the greatest test. Breast milk is suggested, despite the fact that taking care of with preterm equations can guarantee a progressively predictable conveyance of ideal degrees of supplements. The planning of presentation of feeds and the pace of progression of those feeds in preterm newborn children are the two subjects of huge debate. Early taking care of is profitable on the grounds that it improves the useful adjustment of the gastrointestinal plot and lessens the term of all out parenteral nourishment. A quicker pace of headway will likewise lessen the span of requirement for parenteral nourishment. Regardless of this, enteral taking care of is frequently postponed and is regularly gradually expanded in high-hazard newborn children in view of a potential expanded danger of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Development confined youngsters are at expanded danger of creating NEC because of a mix of antenatal and postnatal aggravations in gut perfusion. On the off chance that enteral taking care of is presented before and propelled all the more rapidly, this may prompt expanded danger of NEC, yet more slow feeds broaden the length of parenteral nourishment and its dangers and may have unfriendly ramifications for endurance, development, and improvement. Untimely babies represent a huge nourishing test. Advances in neonatal medication in the course of recent decades have prompted enhancements in endurance of amazingly untimely children around the world. Notwithstanding, present moment and long haul morbidities, for example, neurodevelopmental, respiratory, renal, and cardiovascular issues are known to happen in the enduring youngsters. Ideal consideration in the neonatal period is vital and this consideration incorporates adjusting the dangers of satisfactory early sustenance and its potential confusions. Studies have exhibited that imperfect nourishment during the early neonatal period can have long haul wellbeing results . intra-uterine growth restricted (IUGR) is characterized as the decreased development speed archived by at any rate two intra-uterine development evaluations. Small for gestational age (SGA) depicts infants whose weight or length during childbirth is at any rate two standard deviations beneath the mean for gestational age. This implies not all children who measure as SGA are IUGR yet just measure little unavoidably. Ordinary observing of fetal development by Doppler ultrasound filter is normally done in pregnant women where intrauterine development limitation is suspected/identified. In the IUGR baby, hypoxemia produces particular circulatory redistribution of blood toward the cerebrum, along these lines trading off gracefully to the viscera and placenta, bringing about missing or turned around end-diastolic flow velocities (AREDF) in the umbilical artery or aorta. Fetal hypoxic-ischemic injury of the digestion tracts may happen even before birth because of a mix of fetal hypoxia and expanded mesenteric vascular obstruction which specially redistributes blood to the mind and adrenal organ. The development confined untimely babies represent a noteworthy nourishing test to oversee and require a sensitive equalization for building up early enteral feeds without expanding the danger of NEC. Enteral feeding is most secure from a disease viewpoint, however immature gut physiology puts these children at higher danger of creating NEC. Variations from the norm of splanchnic blood stream endure during the main seven day stretch of life, giving physiological legitimization to a postponed and cautious presentation of enteral taking care of however such a methodology inclines untimely IUGR infants to the dangers related with PN without any preliminaries to date demonstrating any advantage of the deferred foundation of enteral sustenance.