Анестезия и клинические исследования
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Exploiting Ionic Gradient Liposomes for Anesthetic use: The Case of Enantiomeric-Excess Bupivacaine and Etidocaine

Juliana Damasceno Oliveira, Fernando Freitas de Lima, Eneida de Paula*

Commercial products like Exparel^® and Bupisome^®, which contain bupivacaine, offer prolonged, non-opioid alternatives for the management of post-operative pain. These pharmaceutical products share a common feature: the nanoformulation of the local anesthetic bupivacaine in Ionic Gradient Liposomes (IGL). IGL are specially designed liposomes known for their extensive loading capacity, which allow them to both extend the effectiveness and reduce the toxicity of weak bases such as local anesthetics. We outline here the benefits of two IGL formulations designed specifically for the encapsulation of bupivacaine in its enantiomeric excess form (_S75BVC) or Etidocaine (EDC).